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Healthy Eating: How Healthy Is Too Healthy
by Fallon Stewart
Is the virtue you feel about what you eat more important than the pleasure you receive from eating it? Do you look down on others who don't eat the same way you do? Do you skip foods you once enjoyed in order to eat the "right" foods? If so, you might have Orthorexia Nervosa.
Orthorexia Nervosa, as coined by Dr. Steven Bratman, is an emotional disorder that reflects an unhealthy fixation with eating a healthy diet. It becomes a way of life filled with chronic concern for the quality of food being consumed, unlike anorexia nervosa or bulimia where the concern lies in the quantity of food consumed.
Orthorexics are not concerned with being fat or overweight. They are, however, concerned with trying to attain perfect health and purity through their diet. When the person with Orthorexia Nervosa wavers from their "perfect" diet, they may resort to extreme acts of further self-discipline including increased restrictions on diet regimens and fasting.
Orthorexia Nervosa begins as a choice requiring enormous willpower and self-discipline to adapt to a diet that differs so dramatically from the dieting habits of childhood and culture. Orthorexia Nervosa is also about control. The out-of-control healthy eater realizes that it is impossible to control the world around them and, therefore, orthorexics control what they eat.
Orthorexics, like many other people who suffer from eating disorders, start out small. They may give up a little chocolate here, a little caffeine there. Before long, their entire lives revolve around the quintessential search for sourcing the best ingredients and eliminating the junk. It may also begin as dieting to lose a little weight. The diet then becomes more restrictive and the unhealthy obsession with eating healthy food becomes a part of life.
A study on Orthorexia Nervosa was conducted in 2004 at the Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy to propose a diagnostic proceeding and to try to verify its prevalence. The Diagnosis was based on both features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder with an exaggerated healthy eating behavior pattern. The study concluded that, out of 404 subjects, 7% suffer from Orthorexia Nervosa. The study also revealed that Orthorexia Nervosa has a higher prevalence in men and in those with a lower level of education.
Other symptoms of Orthorexia Nervosa include excessive planning of menus in advance, social isolation, and experiencing guilt and self-loathing after eating something that is not included in their “perfect” diet. Orthorexics hold themselves at a higher stature than people who do not eat in the same manner they do. Orthorexics feel that their way of eating is pure and should be illustrated by everyone. Dr. Steven Bratman admits that after a year of his own extreme dieting he "regarded the wretched, debauched souls downing their chocolate chip cookies and French fries as mere animals reduced to satisfying gustatory lusts."
Some critics, like orthorexics, feel that as a result of the “obesity epidemic” and the “food scares” our nation is currently facing, that obsessing about healthy eating is beneficial. Although eating healthy is beneficial in moderation, an unhealthy obsession for healthy eating is critical. Orthorexics only eat organic foods. They eliminate all fats from their diets and cut calories significantly resulting in weight loss, malnutrition, and even death.
As humans, our bodies need fat as well as all of the other food groups. Fat is the main energy store in the body and the most concentrated source of energy in the diet. Ingestible fats are necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K, thereby preventing malnutrition. Malnutrition from Orthorexia Nervosa involves all body organs and impairs physical growth as well as cognitive and physiologic functions. Immune response changes also occur as a result of malnutrition which leads to a greater risk for acquiring infections.
The key to healthy eating is having a balanced diet. Foods groups should not be eliminated. Our body uses all of the food groups for growth, development, and maintenance. One of the most important ways to achieve a healthy lifestyle through diet, as recommended by most guides, is eating appropriate proportions of foods from the different food categories.
References:
Bratman, Steven M.D. (2006) Orthorexia. Retrieved on September 2006 from
http://www.orthorexia.com/index.php
Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C. (2004/6). Orthorexia nervosa: a preliminary study with a proposal for diagnosis and an attempt to measure the dimension of the phenomenon. Eat Weight Disorders. (2):151-7.
McCandless, David. (2005/3) I am orthorexic. BBC News. Retrieved on 14 September 2006 from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4389849.stm
Orthorexia Nervosa. (2006) Something Fishy: Website on Eating Disorders. Retrieved on 12 September 2006 from
http://www.somethingfishy.org/whatarethey/other.php#ortho
Orthorexia Nervosa. (2006/8) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 September 2006 from
http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Orthorexia_nervosa
Rose, K. S., Cooper, M. J., & Turner, H. (2006/11). The eating disorder belief questionnaire: Psychometric properties in an adolescent sample. Eating Behaviors, 7(4), 410-418.
______________________
My name is Fallon Stewart. I am a 21yr old graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania. I am majoring in pediatric nursing studying to gain a master's degree in order to become a pediatric nurse practitioner. I graduated high school in 2003 from Jay High, in Jay, Fl. I received my BSN degree from the University of West Florida in May 2006. I am currently working as an RN/BSN while attending school full-time.
Fallon Stewart, RN/BSN
University of Pennsylvania Graduate Student
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